| NICOLAI I (RUSSIAN CHAR) | ||
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Russian Char Nikolai I was born in Puskin near Leningrad on 6th July 1796. Nicolay I was the third son of Russian Char Pavel, and he ascended the throne after the sudden death of his elder brother Alexander I in December 1825. In 1832 he declared a constitution in which he included all the laws that were in force until the 17th century. This constitution was used until the October 1917 Revolution. In the reign of Nikolai I Russia was closed to the outer world and internal pressure had been increased. Char Nikolai insisted on the Holy Alliance and he added nationalist and intervening characters to that policy. Char Nikolai I supported the Greek liberty movement in order to dominate the straits serves a passage to the Mediterranean Sea. He attacked to the Ottoman Empire in 1828 and occupied Edirne in 1829. With the Edirne Treaty signed he legalised his invasion and gained the right the Russian ships’ passage through the Straits. With the same treaty the Ottoman Empire accepted an independent Greece. Nikolai I accepted the assist Sultan Mahmud II for the Egypt problem born in 1830-31, and sent the Russian Navy to Istanbul in 1833. In July 1833, with the treaty of Hunkar Iskelesi, the Ottoman Empire stated that she closed the straits to all war ships except the Russians. This treaty gave a superiority to Russia against Britain. But, with the London Treaty signed in 1841, the straits were closed to all war ships including the Russian ones, and the Char lost his superiority. In 1853, Char Nikolai requested to protect the holy lands belonged to the Ottoman Empire and this was the last example of his extension policy. He died on 2nd March 1855 and his son Alexander II ascended the throne. |
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